STATIC QUESTIONS-INDIAN AND WORLD GEOGRAPHY

1.Geographical Time: C->M->P

	ERA	Life time	PERIOD	EPOCH	LIFE
1	Cainozoic	0-65 Million Year (QT)	Quaternary Tertiary	Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Paleocene	Modern Man Homo sapiens Early human Ancestors Ape: Flower and Plant, Trees Rabbit and hare Small mammals: Rats, Mice
2	Mesozoic	65-245 Million year (CJT)	Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic		Extinction of Dinosaurs Age of dinosaurs Frogs and Turtles
3	Paleozoic	245-570 Million year (PCDSOC)	Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian		Reptile dominate-replace amphibians First Reptiles: Vertebrates: Coal beds Amphibians First trace of life on land: plants First fish No terrestrial life: Marian Invertebrate

2. Shield Volcanoes: Barring the basalt flows, the shield volcanoes are the largest of all the volcanoes on the earth. The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous examples. These volcanoes are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid when erupted. For this reason, these volcanoes are not steep. They become explosive if somehow water gets into the vent; otherwise, they are characterized by low-explosivity.

3.Earthquake: The place in the crust where the movement starts is called the focus. The place on the surface above the focus is called the epicentre. Vibrations travel outwards from the epicentre as waves. Greatest damage is usually closest to the epicentre and the strength of the earthquake decreases away from the centre. The denser the material, the higher is the velocity.

Reason frequent landslides and debris avalanches in Himalayan region are: The Himalayas are tectonically unstable, made up of sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated and semi-consolidated deposits and slopes are very steep.

4. Waves: Earthquake waves are basically of two types — body waves and surface waves. Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth.

P-wave more fast than S-wave. P-wave can travel in liquid, solid and gas but S-wave can in solid and more destruction on land it take more time to report seismography.

5.fault is a place with a long break in the rock that forms the surface of the earth. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. Indonesia is frequently struck by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis because of its location on the arc of volcanoes and fault lines in the Pacific Basin known as the “Ring of Fire.” The area spans some 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) and is where a majority of the world’s earthquakes occur.

6.Radiation fog (or ground fog) episodes last for a few mornings on account of calm winds and western disturbances, resulting in localised fog formation.

Advection fog” is larger in scale both in terms of the area covered and duration. Advection fog forms when warm, moist air passes over a cool surface, causing water vapour to condense. Advection fog mostly occurs where warm, tropical air meets cooler ocean water. If the wind blows in the right direction, sea fog can be transported over coastal land areas.

7. Valley fog — which is the result of mountains preventing dense air from escaping, and in which the fog is trapped in the bowl of the valley and can last for several days — and “freezing fog”, which is the result of liquid droplets freezing on solid surfaces. Cloud-covered mountaintops often see freezing fog.

8.Due to greenhouse gas emissions, global warming is already 1°C higher than the pre-industrial levels. The IPCC’s special report on Oceans and Cryosphere (published in 2019) reveals that the ocean is 0.8 degrees warmer than the pre-industrial age. It is more acidic, and less productive because of the carbon emission that was sunk by the oceans. The impact of ocean warming would be an increase in the frequency of tropical cyclone winds and rainfall, as well as an increase in extreme waves, all of which would be accompanied by a rise in relative sea level

9.The Nile River empties into the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt

10.During the southwest monsoon, the prevalent direction of the wind is easterly. The winds travel from over the Bay of Bengal, carrying moisture and rainfall to this part of the country. Once the monsoon withdraws, however, the predominant direction of the winds changes to north-westerly. These winds carry particulate matter (essentially smoke and soot) from crop-burning in Punjab to the area above Delhi, and then onward down the Gangetic basin. The fall in temperature also contributes to increased pollution levels. As it gets cooler, the inversion height — which is the layer beyond which pollutants cannot disperse into the upper atmosphere — comes down. When that happens, larger concentrations of pollutants in the air hang closer to the surface, and lead to worsening AQIs. The point to note here is this: The direction of the wind is north-westerly in summer too, but it is the very high temperature over the Indo-Gangetic basin that ensures the pollutants that it brings (dust etc. from Rajasthan and sometimes Pakistan and Afghanistan) does not hang low.